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In this "Ask Me Anything" (AMA) episode, Peter revisits the "proven, promising, fuzzy, noise, nonsense" scale and applies it to a variety of popular topics. He begins with a refresher on what each category represents before classifying a range of interventions based on the strength of their supporting evidence. The conversation spans three main areas: drugs for geroprotection (including GLP-1 receptor agonists, SGLT2 inhibitors, methylene blue, and telomere-lengthening supplements), the use of low-dose aspirin for cardiovascular disease prevention, and strategies to improve muscle mass through optimal protein intake and follistatin gene therapy. This episode provides a clear, evidence-based overview for listeners seeking to understand where these popular health and longevity interventions stand on the spectrum of scientific credibility.

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We discuss:

• A scale for evaluating scientific claims: proven, promising, fuzzy, noise, or nonsense [1:30];

• Strong convictions, loosely held: the mindset that separates great scientists from the rest [7:30];

• GLP-1 receptor agonists: are there benefits beyond improving metabolic health and promoting weight loss? [12:45];

• GLP-1 drugs and the brain: exploring the potential cognitive benefits [18:45];

• GLP-1 drugs and lifespan: examining the evidence for potential geroprotective effects [23:00];

• Rapamycin and geroprotection: why it remains in the "promising" category [25:45];

• SGL