The large-scale COSMOS-Mind study showed that daily multivitamin and mineral supplements resulted in a statistically significant benefit for global cognition over a three-year period.

Supplements like Calcium Alpha-Ketoglutarate (AKG) may claim to reduce biological age, but this lab measurement is not a functional outcome like improved strength or walking speed.

A recent Nicotinamide Riboside study used a less stringent 90% confidence interval to show a positive result, which would not have been statistically significant under the standard 95% confidence interval.

Since Nicotinamide Riboside (a form of Vitamin B3) may be converted to niacin, and high-dose niacin is linked to a 10% increased risk of death, its long-term safety is uncertain.

Creatine is an example of a supplement that is worth taking because it meets all five criteria for safety, efficacy, and high-quality evidence.

Popular Sirtuin 6 (SIRT6) activator supplements are marketed with mice studies and blog posts, but currently lack a single human randomized controlled trial to prove safety or effectiveness.

Claims about a supplement must be backed by human randomized controlled trials published in peer-reviewed journals, not by studies on mice or single cells.